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This section shows the father occupations we found for every laureate. The "father's occupation" field is used in the paper, and was manually researched, since we started this work before AI could do it. More recently, we used Gemini grounded search to replicate the same task. Gemini's results are in the table, and the expansions show Gemini's reasoning. We checked every discrepancy. Some discrepancies remain because (i) Gemini (rarely) makes mistakes; (ii) sometimes a judgment call is needed (e.g. father has many jobs). We intended to annotate every discrepancy but have not had time yet. If you see errors, please contact us.


Emil Adolf von Behring (Medicine 1901)	Poland	Male	47	Schoolmaster	Schoolmaster	98.1	85.5	96.9
Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff (Chemistry 1901)	Netherlands	Male	49	Physician	Physician	99.5	99.9	99.5
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (Physics 1901)	Netherlands	Male	56	Cloth merchant/cloth manufacturer	Merchant and cloth manufacturer	95.1	99.3	91.9
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Physics 1902)	Netherlands	Male	49	Horticulturalist	Nursery owner	27.1	87.6	34.7
Hermann Emil Fischer (Chemistry 1902)	Germany	Male	50	Businessman	Businessman	95.1	96.4	91.9
Pieter Zeeman (Physics 1902)	Netherlands	Male	37	Clergyman	Minister of the Dutch Reformed Church	56.6	93.8	97.6
Ronald Ross (Medicine 1902)	United Kingdom	Male	45	Scottish Indian Army general	General in the British Indian Army	98.3	99.9	97.1
Antoine Henri Becquerel (Physics 1903)	France	Male	51	Professor of applied physics	Professor of applied physics	98.6	99.2	100.0
Marie Curie, ne Sklodowska (Physics 1903)	Poland	Female	36	Secondary school teacher	Teacher of mathematics and physics	90.8	84.4	98.2
Niels Ryberg Finsen (Medicine 1903)	Denmark	Male	43	High ranking civil servant/administrator of Faroe Islands	Amtmand	98.1	98.1	96.9
Pierre Curie (Physics 1903)	France	Male	44	Doctor	General medical practitioner	99.5	99.8	99.5
Svante August Arrhenius (Chemistry 1903)	Sweden	Male	44	Land surveyor	Land surveyor	80.3	85.5	96.8
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Medicine 1904)	Russia	Male	55	Russian Orthodox priest	Village priest	59.0	72.2	97.6
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) (Physics 1904)	United Kingdom	Male	62	Baron	Farmer	99.0	99.0	99.0
Sir William Ramsay (Chemistry 1904)	United Kingdom	Male	52	Civil engineer and surveyor	Civil engineer	98.4	99.9	97.3
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (Chemistry 1905)	Germany	Male	70	Lieutenant general/geodesist	Geodesist	98.6	99.0	99.1
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (Physics 1905)	Czechoslovakia	Male	43	Wine merchant	Wine merchant	95.1	94.8	91.9
Robert Koch (Medicine 1905)	Germany	Male	62	Mining engineer	Mining engineer	98.8	99.0	97.9
Camillo Golgi (Medicine 1906)	Italy	Male	63	Physician	District medical officer	99.5	99.2	99.5
Henri Moissan (Chemistry 1906)	France	Male	54	Minor railway officer	Officer of the Eastern Railway Company	87.3	96.2	96.4
Joseph John Thomson (Physics 1906)	United Kingdom	Male	50	Bookshop owner	Bookseller	95.2	99.7	90.7
Santiago Ramon y Cajal (Medicine 1906)	Spain	Male	54	Professor of applied anatomy	Surgeon	99.5	99.3	99.5
Albert Abraham Michelson (Physics 1907)	Poland	Male	55	Merchant	Merchant	95.1	84.4	91.9
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (Medicine 1907)	France	Male	62	Army doctor and professor	Army doctor and professor of military medicine	99.5	99.7	99.5
Eduard Buchner (Chemistry 1907)	Germany	Male	47	Professor of medicine and physician	Professor extraordinary of forensic medicine	98.6	98.5	100.0
Ernest Rutherford (Chemistry 1908)	New Zealand	Male	37	Wheelwright	Wheelwright	89.5	99.6	86.5
Gabriel Lippmann (Physics 1908)	France	Male	63	Glovemaker	Ran a tannery and a glove factory	95.1	97.9	91.9
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Medicine 1908)	Russia	Male	63	Imperial Guard officer	Landowner	99.0	99.0	99.0
Paul Ehrlich (Medicine 1908)	Poland	Male	54	Innkeeper and distiller	Innkeeper	67.8	63.3	80.8
Emil Theodor Kocher (Medicine 1909)	Switzerland	Male	68	Chief railway engineer	Chief engineer	98.5	99.1	97.9
Guglielmo Marconi (Physics 1909)	Italy	Male	35	Aristocratic landowner	Landowner	99.0	99.0	99.0
Karl Ferdinand Braun (Physics 1909)	Germany	Male	59	Mid level civil servant	Actuary at the district court	98.1	96.8	96.9
Wilhelm Ostwald (Chemistry 1909)	Russia	Male	56	Master cooper	Master cooper	90.8	87.4	88.6
Albrecht Kossel (Medicine 1910)	Germany	Male	57	Merchant and Prussian council	Merchant	98.1	96.8	96.9
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Physics 1910)	Netherlands	Male	73	Carpenter	Carpenter	71.9	96.8	73.5
Otto Wallach (Chemistry 1910)	Russia	Male	63	High ranking civil servant	Auditor general	98.1	92.3	96.9
Allvar Gullstrand (Medicine 1911)	Sweden	Male	49	Principal municipal medical officer	Principal municipal medical officer	99.5	98.1	99.5
Wilhelm Wien (Physics 1911)	Russia	Male	47	Landowner	Landowner	99.0	99.0	99.0
Alexis Carrel (Medicine 1912)	France	Male	39	Businessman	Textile manufacturer	95.1	96.8	91.9
Nils Gustaf Dalen (Physics 1912)	Sweden	Male	43	Farmer	Farmer	27.1	66.8	34.7
Paul Sabatier (Chemistry 1912)	France	Male	58	Farmer then merchant	Hat merchant	95.1	97.9	91.9
Victor Grignard (Chemistry 1912)	France	Male	41	Marine carpenter	Master sailmaker	90.8	95.7	88.6
Alfred Werner (Chemistry 1913)	France	Male	47	Foundry worker then factory foreman	Factory foreman	98.1	97.6	86.1
Charles Robert Richet (Medicine 1913)	France	Male	63	Professor of clinical surgery	Professor of clinical surgery	98.6	99.1	100.0
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Physics 1913)	Netherlands	Male	60	Brickworks owner	Brickworks owner	95.1	99.3	91.9
Max von Laue (Physics 1914)	Germany	Male	35	Military intendant assessor, ranking lieutenant	Official in the German military administration	98.1	97.0	96.9
Robert Barany (Medicine 1914)	Austria-Hungary	Male	38	Manager of farm estate, bank official	Bank official and farm estate manager	98.1	95.7	96.9
Theodore William Richards (Chemistry 1914)	USA	Male	46	Famous painter	Painter	91.8	99.2	97.0
Richard Martin Willstaetter (Chemistry 1915)	Germany	Male	43	Textile merchant	Textile merchant	95.1	97.4	91.9
Sir William Henry Bragg (Physics 1915)	United Kingdom	Male	53	Pharmacist* / merchant marine officer/farmer	Farmer	98.0	99.8	97.7

Sources: nobelists_analysis.csv and laureates_grounded_search.csv. Percentile ranks place each laureate's father against the working-age male population of his country (or the world) in the nearest census decade. Blank cells mark values that could not be computed from the historical record.